<19)United States
`<12)Patent Application
`Wegner
`
`Publication
`
`(to)Pub.No.:US 2005/0168986A1
`(43)Pub. Date:
`Aug. 4, 2005
`
`US 20050168986A1
`
`(52) U.S.Cl.
`
`..........362/241
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`light
`Downlighting luminaires equipped with particular
`sources such as PAR lamps,
`light emitting diode (LED)
`arrays and the like, are equipped with reflectors that do not
`converge light rays incident thereon from the light source.
`Downlighting, luminaires configured according to the inven­
`tion reduce or eliminate undesirable beam striations on
`horizontal surfaces and "busy" scallops on vertical surfaces
`with improvement of reflector flash performance. Particular
`reflectors have divergent reflective surfaces or conical sur­
`faces.
`the reflectors preferably being optically separated
`from a [ace of the lamp such as by means of a matte black
`annulus or “snout” disposed between the lamp face and
`opposing edges of the reflector.
`
`(54)
`
`(76)
`
`REFLECTOR ASSEMBLIES FOR
`LUMINAIRES
`
`lnvenlur:
`
`Scott Wegner, Peachtree City, GA (US)
`
`Correspondence Address:
`CLARK & BRODY
`1090 VERMONT AVENUE, NW
`SUITE 250
`WASHINGTON, DC 20005 (US)
`
`(31)
`
`Appl. No.1
`
`11/038,102
`
`(31)
`
`Filed:
`
`Jan. 21, 2005
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(60)
`
`Provisional application No. 60.-"$39,986,filed on Jan.
`30, 2004.
`
`Publication Cla$lficati0n
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.7
`
`44
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`F2lS 4/00
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`Q
`/'\
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`40
`
`

`

`Patent Applicati0n Publication Aug. 4, 2005 Sheet 1 of 8
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`Patent Application Publication Aug. 4, 2005 Sheet 7 0f 8
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`US 2005/0168986 A1
`
`Aug. 4, 2005
`
`Rl<Il<‘l.l<)C’l‘()RASSl<)MBl.ll<)S I-‘OR l.UMlNAlRl<1S
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`[0001]
`
`1. Field of the lnvention
`
`[0002] The invention relates generally to downlighting
`luminaires and, particularly,
`to such luminaires utilizing
`light sources such as PAR lamps, Which produce unwanted
`beam striations and the like when used with conventional
`parabolic reflectors.
`
`[0003]
`
`2. Description of the Prior Art
`
`[0004] DoWnlighting luminaires are used in a Widevariety
`of configurations for general lighting, task lighting, accent
`lighting, emergency lighting, and the like. By being recessed
`in a ceiling, or otherwise mounted such as in a wall or
`carried by a framework spaced from a true ceiling, down­
`lighting luminaires are desirably unobtrusive. Downlighting
`luminaires are designed for use with a variety of hght
`sources including incandescent, fluorescent, and high-inten­
`sity-discharge lamping, to list but a few. Quite often, a given
`environmental space is provided with downlighting lumi­
`naires having different hght sources, and it is desirable for
`such luminaires to appear similar and perform Within accept­
`able parameters. In particular, the nature and character of the
`beams directed onto surfaces Within such a space by down­
`lighting luminaires equipped With different
`light sources
`should be similar and free of unwanted. glare, striations and
`unattractive “scallops.” Lighting applications, such as gen­
`eral purpose lighting in mid-height ceilings,
`including
`school at|ditoriums, airports, civic centers, arenas, retail
`establishments, and shallow atrium spaces, are often ame­
`nable to the use of downlighting luminaires provided With
`lamps having a fllament mounted with respect to a parabolic
`aluminized reflector (PAR) so that light from the filament is
`projected from the face of the “PAR” lamp. 'll1e face of such
`a PAR lamp is provided With a plurality of prism-like
`elements that spread the light reflected from the parabolic
`aluminized reflector of the lamp such that the light exiting
`the face of the lamp provides a smooth light pattern in the
`far field. Known lighting systems include the use of incan­
`descent PAR lamps and high intensity-discharge (HID) PAR
`lamps. Such doWnlighting luminaires are also often used to
`accent speciflc architectural elements or portions of dis­
`plays. It is generally desirable to reduce, or at least control
`unWanted glare, beam striations, and unsightly scalloping
`usually associated with downlighting lt|minaires that use
`PAR lamps as the hght source. Applicants have determined
`that these undesirable features in the hght pattern arise from
`the interaction between the near-fleld light pattern produced
`by the PAR lamp and the reflector of the luminaire. Thus,
`even if the l-‘ARlamp has been designed to provide a smooth
`light pattern in the far field when used alone, its use with the
`optics of a luminaire has been found to produce undesirable
`features of the lighting pattem. Reduction or elimination of
`these features Where luminaires using PAR lamps are
`employed by mounting in or on ceilings is particularly
`desirable.
`
`over­
`luminaires
`downlighting
`[0005] Conventional
`whelmingly employ reflectors having parabolic reflective
`surfaces. Similar reflectors are used With other concave
`reflective surfaces. When used with PAR lamps, these reflec­
`tors usually produce undesirable beam striations on surfaces
`on Which the beam is directly incident and even unattractive
`
`scalloping on laterally disposed surfaces. Also known in the
`art are downlighting luminaires using R-lamps as the light
`source in combination With frusto-conical reflectors. These
`luminaires are available from Juno Lighting, lnc. of Des
`Plaines, Ill. 60017, catalog Nos. TC 2-27 and SC 2-27, inter
`alia.
`
`[0006] Light emitting diodes have been proposed for use
`in luminaires. U.S. Pat. No. 6,250,774 to Begemann et al.
`shows a luminaire where each LED, or group of LEDs, is
`provided With a conical
`reflector. The Begemann et al
`structure is not amenable to use in a downlighting environ­
`ment, however. Marshall et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,002)
`suggest using light emitting diodes instead of a PAR lamp in
`a luminaire. I-Iubbard et al. (US. Pat. No. 4,228,485) show
`an LED in association with a conical reflector. Klein (US.
`Pat. No. 4,217,625) and Clark (U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,171)
`disclose concentrating optics Wherein light emitting diodes
`are used in combination with an inverted conical reflector.
`
`[0007] Downlighting luminaries, such as that provided by
`the invention,. must also be easily assembled, installed, and
`wired without
`the need for unusual
`tools and mt|st also
`reduce the risk of cuts, abrasions, or other injuries to
`installers. Still further, downlighting luminaires as herein
`provided must be capable of being easily maintained by
`relatively inexperienced personnel, so that re-lamping and
`repair can be readily accomplished Without the need for
`particular
`training. Components requiring maintenance,
`such as lamps, must be readily accessible, and conventional
`mounting hardware should be suitable for the luminaires
`herein disclosed.
`
`[0008] The downlighting luminaires configured according
`to the present invention address the above requirements by
`utilizing reflective surfaces in combination With PAR lamps
`or an array of light emitting diodes to reduce or eliminate
`undesirable characteristics inherent in prior downlighting
`luminaires employing PAR lamps and the like. The inven­
`tion thus provides a substantial advance in the art.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`[0009] Applicants have discovered that the conventional
`reflector used in a luminaire, which is concave and often
`parabolic, interacts with the near-field light pattern of a PAR
`lamp resulting in an undesirable light pattern in the far field.
`In accordance Withthe invention, several embodiments of an
`optical arrangement are provided that are particularly suited
`for downlighting applications, yet useful also in luminaires
`intended for other applications. In downlighting applications
`and particularly recessed downlighting applications,
`the
`optical arrangements of the invention take the form of a
`reflector that is preferably conical (i.e., a revolved straight
`line) but also divergent (i.e., a revolved convex curve), and
`used in concert with a PAR lamp or other lamp having a
`lenticular pattern, that is, a “dimpled” lens face or similar
`pattern. Apartict|larly elIective reflector is a conical reflector
`that takes the form of the frustum of a cone. Reflectors as
`thus described are preferably spaced from the PAR or similar
`lamp, the lens face of the lamp being separated from upper
`portions of the reflector by a gap preferably occupied by an
`annular element that is not reflective and is preferably black
`to absorb incident light. The annular element separates the
`lamp from the upper part of the reflector thereby to improve
`the performance of the optics of a luminaire so configured.
`
`

`

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`US 2005/0168986 At
`
`Aug. 4, 2005
`
`[U010] Luminaires configured according to the invention
`control the light emitted from the face of the lamp such that
`an observer will generally see the face of the lamp itself
`before, or simultaneous with, the image of the face of the
`lamp in the reflector of the luminaire. This is accomplished
`by vertically displacing the face of the lamp from the top of
`the reflector by a distance such that an observer’s line of
`sight to the far edge of the lamp is preferably parallel (or
`within :2°) to the reflected ray from the near edge of the
`lamp. The observer’s line of sight is generally considered to
`be about 40°, When measured from the horizontal, and
`acceptable results may be obtained if the line of sight is
`considered to be Within the range of about 30° to about 50°.
`Acceptable results may be obtained if the direction of the
`reflected ray from the near edge of the lamp converges with
`the line of sight by about 3° or diverges from it by about 10°.
`[0011]
`In accordance with the invention,
`the luminaire
`reflector does not converge the light from the face of the
`lamp in the vertical plane. It has been discovered that the
`prior art systems having concave (particularly parabolic)
`reflectors create magnified virtual images of the spatially
`discernable features of the face of the lamp. These spatially
`diseernable features are generally the prismatic elements
`provided on the output face of a PAR lamp that spread the
`projected light in the far field to smooth the light pattern. The
`interaction of the light from these elements with a converg­
`ing reflector, however, prevents the desired mixing of the
`light
`in the far field. Mixing in the far field is prevented
`because the reflector creates a magnified virtual image of
`each element in the reflector, and the laws of optics require
`that the field of view of that element is necessarily smaller.
`The light from the individual elements on the face of the
`PAR lamp, therefore, do not mix properly in the far field
`because the field of view of each element is too small to
`overlap appropriately with the light from the other elements.
`[U012] This invention contemplates the use of reflective
`surfaces used in combination with a PAR or similar lamps
`whereby the reflective surfaces cause light rays incident
`thereon not to converge as occurs with concave reflective
`surfaces
`such as parabolic surfaces as are commonly
`employed in downlighting and other applications, such
`parabolic surfaces essentially providing magnified virtual
`images of the spatial elements of the incident light pattem.
`A particular reflector useful according to the invention is
`referred to herein for simplicity as a “conical” reflector, such
`a reflector having reflective surfaces in the shape of a
`frustum of a cone. Luminaires utilizing PAR lamps, or
`similar lamps, find particular utility through incorporation of
`reflectors having neutral or diverging reflective surfaces to
`include convex and conical
`reflectors according to the
`invention, such luminaires providing improved light patterns
`Whether the lamping employed takes the form of incandes­
`cent or HID versions of PAR lampmg such as PAR 20, 30
`and 38 lamps. It is to be understood that neutral or diverging
`convex reflectors (or under appropriate circumstances a
`concave diverging reflector) can also be employed according
`to the invention and are encompassed Within the definition
`of neutral or diverging reflectors as defined herein. Combi­
`nations including a matte, black annulus, such as in the form
`of a snoot, with a divergent or conical reflector and a PAR
`lamp results in luminaires such as downlighting luminaires
`that substantially improve the characteristics of light ema­
`nating from such luminaires through glare reduction, reduc­
`tion or elimination of striations, and improvement of the
`
`appearance of scallops apparent on surfaces of an environ­
`mental space with which such luminaires are used. The
`annulus not only separates the reflector and the lamp physi­
`cally but also improves reflector flash performance and
`produces a more clear projected beam: It
`is also to be
`understood that the use of the terms “divergent reflective
`surfaces”; “diverging reflective surfaces”; a “divergent
`reflector" or a “diverging reflector" encompasses a conical
`reflector or conical reflecting surfaces as Wefl as convex and
`other surfaces that are substantially diverging with respect to
`their reflection of incident light rays.
`
`[0013] Another embodiment of the invention uses a plu­
`rality of light emitting diodes as the light source, an optical
`arrangement of this LED embodiment mixing the light from
`an array of light emitting diodes, which may be a circular
`array, hexagonal array, or square array, among others. Such
`an array of light emitting diodes behaves similarly to a PAR
`lamp in that dark patches between adjacent light emitting
`diodes produce a beam pattern similar to that produced by
`the internal reflective surfaces and prismatic lens of a PAR
`lamp. A divergent or conical reflector used with an LED
`array mixes light from the plurality of light emitting diodes
`to yield a beam having a minimum of imperfections, such as
`striations and the like, and which therefore finds practical
`utility in lighting applications. A gap between the Ll:D array
`and facing portions of the reflector configured according to
`the invention is preferably occupied by a band-like annular
`element preferably provided with a matte, black finish.
`
`[0014] The invention contemplates application in lumi­
`naires other than downlighting luminaires.
`ln addition to
`recessed, wall-mounted luminaires as well as surface­
`mounted wall and ceiling-mounted luminaires, the optical
`arrangements of the invention find application in any lumi­
`naire wherein performance can be improved by formation of
`a beam characterized by a reduction or elimination of
`striations projected onto surfaces illuminated by such lumi­
`naires. A reduction or elimination of striations in a beam
`emanating from a luminaire improves the luminaire through
`realization of more useful illumination occurring by virtue
`of the absence of distractions caused by glare, striations and
`the like resulting from or seen in such a beam. Accordingly,
`any light source including a PAR or similar
`lamp that
`produces
`in combination With a conventional
`concave
`reflector, such as a parabolic reflector, an undesirable glare
`and/or distracting striations on surfaces ifluminated by such
`a beam is suitable for use in the present concepts. The optical
`arrangement disclosed herein thus flnds application in other
`than downlighting luminaires, the invention being described
`herein previously relative to downlighting luminaires due to
`particular utility in such luminaires and also for the sake of
`ease of description.
`
`it is an object of the invention to
`[0015] Acwrdingly,
`provide luminaires utilizing light sources such as PAR lamps
`or the like that are configured with a divergent or conical
`reflector preferably spaced from a lens face of such a light
`source to form a gap therebetween, the gap being preferably
`occupied by a band-like annulus element preferably having
`an absorptive finish of a relatively dark coloration such as
`black.
`
`It is another object of the invention to provide a
`[0016]
`luminaire having a LED array as the light source, the LED
`array being a portion of an optical arrangement that also
`
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`US 2005/0168986 Al
`
`Aug. 4, 2005
`
`includes a divergent or conical reflector preferably spaced
`from thc LED array with a rcsulting gap thcrcbctwccn
`preferably being occupied by a band-like annular element
`preferably provided with a matte finish of a relatively dark
`coloration such as black.
`
`It is a further object of the invention to provide
`[0017]
`downlighting lt|minaircs utilizing light sourccs such as PAR
`lamps and the like that are configured With a divergent or
`conical reflector preferably spaced from lens faces of such
`light sourccs, gaps thus formcd thcrcbctwccn that arc cach
`preferably occupied by a band-like annular element prefer­
`ably having a matte finish of relatively dark coloration such
`as black, thc downlighting luminaircs thus configured prcf­
`erably being recessed in ceilings or walls of environmental
`spaces and producing beams of improved quality character­
`i7ed by reduction or elimination of striations on surfaces of
`such spaces illuminated by such beams.
`
`[0018] Further objects and advantages of the invention
`Will become more readily apparent in light of the following
`detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAVVINGS
`
`[0019] FIG. 1 is a side elevational view in partial section
`of a prior art downlighting luminaire having an R lamp as a
`light source and a reflector formed as a frustum of a cone;
`
`[0020] FIGS. 2A through 2E are schematics illustrating
`the virtual
`images seen in the reflector of a prior art
`combination of a PAR lamp with a parabolic rcflcctor as is
`normally employed in downlighting applications;
`
`[0021] FIG. 3A is a schematic conceptually illustrating a
`vertical cross section of a downlighting luminaire configured
`according to the invention and having a PAR lamp in
`combination with a divcrgcnt rcflcctor;
`
`[0022] FIGS. 3B through 3F are schematics illustrating
`the virtual images seen in the reflector of the combination
`illustrated in FIG. 3A;
`
`[0023] FIG. 4A is a schematic conceptually illustrating a
`downlighting luminaire configured according to an embodi­
`ment of the invention and having a PAR lamp in combina­
`tion with a conical rcflcctor;
`
`[0024] FIGS. 4B through 4F are schematics illustrating
`the virtual images seen in the reflector of the combination
`illustrated in FIG. 4A;
`
`[0025] FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a downlighting
`luminaire configured according to an embodiment of the
`invention Witha particular PAR lamp and a conical reflector;
`
`[0026] FIG. 5B is a vertical cross-section of the luminaire
`of FIG. SA;
`
`[0027] FIG. 6A is a perspective view of a downlighting
`luminaire configured according to another embodiment of
`the invention with a PAR lamp and a conical reflector;
`
`FIG. 6B is a vertical cross-section of the luminaire
`[0028]
`of FIG. 6A;
`
`[0029] FIG. 7A is a pcrspcctivc vicw of a downlighting
`luminaire configured according to a further embodiment of
`the invention With a PAR lamp and a conical reflector;
`
`FIG. 7H is a vertical cross-section of the luminaire
`[0030]
`of FIG. 7A;
`
`[0031] FIG. SA is a perspective view of a downlighting
`luminaire configured according to a further embodiment of
`the invention with a PAR lamp and a conical reflector;
`
`[0032] FIG. SB is a vertical cross-section of the luminaire
`of FIG. SA;
`
`[0033] FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a downlighting
`luminaire configured according to yet another embodiment
`of thc invcntion with a PAR lamp and a conical rcflcctor;
`
`[0034] FIG. 9B is a vcrtical cross-scction of thc luminairc
`of FIG. 9A;
`
`[0035] FIG. 10A is a perspective view of a downlighting
`luminaire configured according to a further embodiment of
`the invention With a particular PAR lamp and a conical
`rcflcctor;
`
`[0036] FIG. 10B is a vcrtical cross-scction of thc lt|mi­
`naire of FIG. 10A;
`
`[0037] FIG. 11A is a perspective view of a downlighting
`luminaire configured according to a particular embodiment
`of the invention With an array of light emitting diodes and a
`conical rcflcctor; and,
`
`[0038] FIG. 11B is a vcrtical cross-scction of thc lt|mi­
`naire of FIG. 11A.
`
`DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED
`EMBODIMENTS
`
`[0039] Referring now to the drawings and particularly to
`FIG. 1, a prior art downlighting luminaire 10 includes a
`housing 12 within Which an R30 lamp 14 is mounted by a
`socket 16. A reflector 18 having reflective surfaces 20 is
`formed as a frustum of a cone. Lower portions of the lamp
`I4 extend below the top of the reflector and into the space
`within the reflector 18 through open upper portions of
`reflector 18. Lens face 22 of the lamp 14, thus, lies substan­
`tially Within the space defined by the reflector I8 and is
`bclow thc uppcr cdgcs of thc rcflcctor 18. Thc downlighting
`luminaire 10 is usually mounted in a recessed location
`Within a ceiling or the like (not shown) by a conventional
`mounting framc shown gcncrally at 24. Thc lt|minairc 10 is
`seen to utilize a conically shaped reflector 18 in combination
`with an R lamp. Because the R lamp has a diffuse coating on
`cxit facc 22, thc light pattcrn is gcncrally uniform in thc ncar
`field and does not give rise to the non-uniformities inherent
`in a PAR lamp. Thus, luminaire 10 does not provide the
`teachings herein detailed relative to improvement of beam
`characteristics occurring in the use of PAR lamps and the
`like with conventional reflectors such as parabolic reflectors
`and particularly in downlighting applications.
`
`[0040] Referring now to FIGS. 2A through 2E, a prior art
`parabolic rcflcctor is sccn at 30 in schcmatic rcprcscntations
`in combination With a PAR lamp represented at 32. The PAR
`lamp 32 is closely adjacent the upper portion of the parabolic
`rcflcctor 30. Thc combination of a parabolic rcflcctor such as
`the reflector 30 and a light source such as the PAR lamp 32
`is commonly employed in the prior art for use in downlight­
`ing applications. Such combinations typically crcatc stria­
`tions in the projected light beam. A major cause of the
`striations and unattractive scalloping is that the converging,
`
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